Figure 1. A—Jaltomata andersonii, flower, photo by T. M. B—J. aspera, flower, corona appears as a raised ridge of tissue around each of the five nectar troughs, photo by S. L. G. C—J. bicolor, flowers in longitudinal view: in the flower on the left the lack of exsertion of the stamens shows that it is younger than the flower at right, photo by S. L. G. D—J. dentata, leaves and flowers: the flower in the center has two dehisced anthers and three undehisced anthers showing that anthers of a flower do not dehisce simultaneously, photo by S. L. G. E— Ripe fruits of J. dentata, photo by T. M. F— J. propinqua, flower, photo by T. M. G—J. sinuosa, flower, photo by T. M. H—J. umbellata, flower with red nectar showing through the wall of the corolla, photo by Jamie Kostyun. All scale bars equal one cm.

Eight Jaltomata species grow or have grown in Department Lima, Peru (Table 1). And J. sinuosa (Miers) Mione is included in the keys even though it has
not been collected in Department Lima because it is common in Peru to the north, east and south of Department Lima and thus there is a reasonable chance
that it grows in Department Lima. 

Key to the Jaltomata of Department Lima, Peru:

1. Flowers solitary……………………………………………………………………...………2

1. Two to more flowers per inflorescence………………………………………...…………3

2. Floral corona present; filaments glabrous or sparsely pubescent at base; nectar red; hairs not gland-tipped… J. aspera

2. Floral corona absent; filaments extremely villous at base; nectar transparent; hairs gland-tipped… J. andersonii

3. Plants woody; fruit orange at maturity ………………………………………………….. 4

3. Plants herbaceous; fruit black/purple at maturity …………………………… J. contorta

4. Corolla purple; nectar transparent; Andes ……………………………………………….5

4. Corolla pale-green or white, lomas habitat ………………………………………………8

5. Stamens longer than 6 mm; corolla lobes and lobules alternating, totaling 10 ……...6

5. Stamens shorter than 6 mm; corolla 5-lobed, no lobules………………….… J. dentata

6. Style about twice as long as stamens ……………………………………… J. propinqua

6. Style about the length of stamens …………………………………………………..……7

7. Corolla urceolate-tubular; stamens 26–35 mm long ………………………… J. bicolor

7. Corolla rotate; stamens 10 mm ………………………………………………...J. sinuosa

8. Stamens 9–11 mm long; nectar red/orange ………….……………….. J. umbellata

8. Stamens 4.5–7 mm; nectar transparent or nearly so ……………………. J. hunzikeri

Discussion

Throughout the range of Jaltomata the berries of at least 44 species are eaten by people, and in Department Lima the fruits of at least five species are eaten by people (Table 1). In general, people consume the berries when they find them ripe in the wild; we have not seen berries of Jaltomata species for sale.

Lomas communities are virtual islands that are high in endemics and are surrounded by hyper-arid desert. Lomas communities, although devoid of rain, receive moisture from fog that comes off the sea (Dillon, 2005). Three of the Jaltomata species of Department Lima (J. aspera, J. hunzikeri, J. umbellata) grow or grew in lomas. In the lomas community Jaltomata species flower July through October when fog from the sea provides moisture. However, in the Andes (J. aspera, J. bicolor, J. dentata, J. propinqua) flowering occurs mostly December through April. This renders populations of J. aspera of the Andes and the lomas community temporally isolated.

In the Department of Lima Jaltomata aspera and J. umbellata produce copious red-orange nectar and both grow in the lomas community. A diverse subset of additional Jaltomata species, mostly growing at high elevations, produces red/orange nectar (Leiva González, Mione & Yacher, 2016b).

During fieldwork, we were unable to find living plants of J. hunzikeri at or near the type locality or anywhere else; rather, we found human settlement where the type specimen was collected in 1938 (Mione et al., 2000), and thus there is the possibility that J. hunzikeri has gone extinct due to expansion of human settlement. Similarly, one of us (L. Y.) went to Amancaes (now an outskirt of the city of Lima) in February of 2014, where both J. aspera and J. umbellata have been collected, and noted expansion of human settlement into the lomas community there. Jaltomata was not encountered during collecting for a recent vascular flora of Amancaes: it is not listed by Trinidad et al. (2012). And so J. aspera and J. umbellata are likely extirpated from Amancaes. Given that the lomas communities are near the sea, and humans disproportionately settle near the sea, lomas communities are heavily impacted by humans. Jaltomata is not alone: Trinidad et al. (2012) documented the extirpation of several other species from the lomas community at Amancaes.

According to Ruiz & Pavon's (1799) protologue (see Mione et al., 1999), Jaltomata contorta was first collected in Department Lima, province Canta, near Obrajillo in 1788, and was described from plants cultivated in the Madrid Royal Botanic Garden. Graciela Vilcapoma Segovia, a botanist and long-time resident of Department Lima, told T. M. (personal communication, 2005) that she searched Obrajillo, knowing the area intimately, and never found this species. Furthermore, we were unable to find this species growing at or near the type locality nor anywhere else. Several Jaltomata species were originally described in the genus Saracha (Table 1) and have since been formally transferred to Jaltomata: the type specimen of S. diffusa Miers, collected in Department Lima, province Canta, appears to be conspecific with J. contorta. On the type specimens of S. diffusa Miers (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 3: 447. 1849; Miers, Ill. S. Am. Plants 2: 17–18. 1849–1857; Mathews 775, Type: K!, F!; Isolectotype: W, F neg. 33016) (not Saracha diffusa Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 3: 451. 1849 [= S. miersii Dunal & A. DC., Prodr. 13(2): 684. 1852], Type: Mexico, Galeotti 1169 K!, P!) the collection locality is given as “Cuesta de Purruchua.” However, in the protologue Miers gave the type locality as “Cuesta de Purruchucho” and Morton (unpubl.) gave the spelling as Purrochucho. We give the type locality as “Puruchuco,” as did Macbride (1962), a small town in Peru, Department Lima, province of Canta, at 11 33’ S, 76 48’ W and 2500 m elevation. Cuesta de Puruchuco is a subxerophytic steep slope within a few hundred meters below the town, but it is possible that Mathews regarded the higher hills near Puruchuco on the way to the town of Huamantanga as the Cuesta de Puruchuco (A. Granda Paucar, personal communication). Saracha diffusa Miers based on Mathews 775 is here considered a synonym of J. contorta. Jaltomata repandidentata (Dunal) Hunz. grows in Departments north, east and south of Department Lima, and is similar to J. contorta; both are herbaceous, have rotate corollas and black/purple fruits. However, J. repandidentata differs from J. contorta by having a curved style and anthers of a flower varying in size, and thus we are certain that the two collections of J. contorta are not actually J. repandidentata.

The department of Ancash borders the Department of Lima to the north. The Department of Lima has eight species (at least four endemic) while the Department of Ancash has at least 11 species. Only two species are shared by both Departments: We discovered J. andersonii in the Department of Lima and as such, its type locality is in Department Lima (Mione et al. 2004), and a single specimen of J. andersonii (M. Weigend & N. Dostert 97/173, F) has been tentatively identified from southeastern Department Ancash, but differs somewhat from the type collection and confirmation through fieldwork is needed. We confirmed through fieldwork in 1998, 2015 and 2016 that J. propinqua grows both in the Departments of Lima and Ancash. Considering the final stamen length (after anther dehiscence), populations from Department Lima have a style nearly twice the length of the stamens while populations from Department Ancash have styles that vary in length within a population, ranging from a few mm longer than the stamens to nearly twice the length of the stamens. Jaltomata sinuosa is a common species, and has been collected in Departments north, east and south of Department Lima, but not to our knowledge in Department Lima. We include it in our key because there is a reasonable chance that J. sinuosa grows in the Department of Lima.

Two species, J. aspera and J. umbellata, have copious red/orange floral nectar. Jaltomata aspera, J. hunzikeri and J. umbellata have been collected in lomas communities, virtual islands high in endemics that are surrounded by hyper-arid desert, and although devoid of rain, receive moisture from fog that comes off the sea. There are no recent collections of J. contorta and J. hunzikeri and these species may be extinct. Fruits of at least five species (J. aspera, J. bicolor, J. dentata, J. propinqua, J. umbellata) are eaten by people.

Acknowledgements

I thank Gregory J. Anderson for both review prior to submission and, with Gabriel Bernardello, providing an environment conducive to the birth of this project, David Spooner for both reviewing the manuscript prior to submission and sending to T. M. his specimens, Arturo Granda P. and Graciela Vilcapoma for both sending to T. M. specimens and for discussion of J. aspera and J. contorta, Nathaniel T. Mione for preparation of the figure, and Kanchi Natarajan Gandhi for assistance with nomenclature. Rene Chavez sent to Tilton Davis IV seeds of J. umbellata and T. Davis generously passed the seeds on to T. M.

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